The 6.0 System: Short Program Required Elements

So you've gone down a YouTube rabbit hole and started binge-watching figure skating competitions from years gone by... Loving that for you! 

If you want to understand what you're watching, you're in the right place. This handy reference guide to required elements in the men's, women's and pairs short program was compiled from old rulebooks, skating magazines and ISU Communications. If you're curious about how the short program evolved over the years, you might find this interesting!

SENIOR MEN

Year	Required Elements	Notes
1972/1973	Jump combination with at least 1 flip, loop, Salchow or toe-loop Double Axel or double Lutz Single Axel Flying camel spin Sit spin with change of foot Straight line step sequence	2 minutes
1973/1974	Jump combination with at least 1 flip, loop, Salchow or toe-loop Double Axel or double Lutz Single Axel Flying sit spin with change of foot on landing Upright Spin Serpentine step sequence
1974/1975	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any other double or triple jump Double Lutz Single Axel Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Flying sit spin Camel spin with change of foot Circular step sequence	Decision made at 1973 ISU Congress to increase from 6 to 7 elements in singles short programs, adding a combination spin
1975/1976	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any other double or triple jump Double Axel Single Axel Flying camel spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Sit spin with change of foot Straight line step sequence
1976/1977	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any other double or triple jump Double Lutz Single Axel Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Flying sit spin Camel spin with change of foot Circular step sequence
1977/1978	Jump combination consisting of double toe-loop with any other double or triple jump Double loop Double Axel Flying sit spin with change of foot on landing Crossfoot spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Serpentine step sequence	2 mins
1978/1979	Jump combination consisting of double flip with any other double or triple jump Double Salchow Double Axel Flying camel spin Sit spin with change of foot Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Straight line step sequence
1979/1980	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any other double or triple jump Double Lutz Double Axel Flying sit spin Camel spin with change of foot Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Circular step sequence
1980/1981	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any other double or triple jump Double Lutz Double Axel Flying sit spin Camel spin with change of foot Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Circular step sequence
1981/1982	Jump combination consisting of double flip with any double or triple jump Double Salchow Double Axel Flying camel spin Sit spin with change of foot Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Straight line step sequence	2 min
1982/1983	Jump combination consisting of double toe-loop with any double or triple jump Double loop Double Axel Flying sit spin with change of foot on landing Crossfoot spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Serpentine step sequence
1983/1984	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any double or triple jump Double flip Double Axel Flying camel spin landing in a full sitting position (death drop permitted) Camel spin with one change of foot Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Straight line step sequence
1984/1985	Jump combination consisting of double toe-loop with any double or triple jump Double Salchow Double Axel Flying camel spin Sit spin with 1 change of foot Combination spin with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Straight line step sequence
1985/1986	Jump combination consisting of double loop together with the same, or any other double or triple jump Double Lutz Double Axel Flying sit spin Camel spin with 1 change of foot Combination spin with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Circular step sequence
1986/1987	Jump combination consisting of double toe-loop with any double or triple jump Double loop Double Axel Flying sit spin with change of foot on landing Crossfoot spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Serpentine step sequence
1987/1988	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any double or triple jump Double flip Double Axel Flying camel spin ending in a full sitting position or death drop Camel spin with 1 change of foot Combination spin with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Straight line step sequence
1988/1989	Jump combination consisting of 2 triple jumps, 1 double and 1 triple jump or 2 double jumps Triple jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Double Axel Flying spin Spin with at least 2 changes of foot and 1 change of position Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position 2 Step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)	2 min 40 secs, renamed to Original Program
1989/1990	Jump combination consisting of 2 triple jumps, 1 double and 1 triple jump or 2 double jumps Triple jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Double Axel Flying spin Spin with at least 2 changes of foot and 1 change of position Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Step sequence Step sequence (of a different nature to the first)	2 min 40 secs
1990/1991	Jump combination consisting of 2 triple jumps, 1 double and 1 triple jump or 2 double jumps Triple jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Double Axel Flying spin Spin with at least 2 changes of foot and 1 change of position Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Step sequence Step sequence (of a different nature to the first)	2 min 40 secs
1991/1992	Jump combination consisting of 2 triple jumps, 1 double and 1 triple jump or 2 double jumps Triple jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Double Axel Flying spin Spin with at least 2 changes of foot and 1 change of position Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Step sequence Step sequence (of a different nature to the first)
1992/1993	Jump combination consisting of 2 triple jumps, 1 double and 1 triple jump or 2 double jumps Triple jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Double Axel Flying spin Spin with at least 2 changes of foot and 1 change of position Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Step sequence Step sequence (of a different nature to the first)
1993/1994	Jump combination consisting of 2 triple jumps, 1 double and 1 triple jump or 2 double jumps Triple jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Double Axel Flying spin with change of foot and position Spin with at least 2 changes of foot and 1 change of position Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Step sequence Step sequence (of a different nature to the first)
1994/1995	Double Axel Triple jump preceded by connecting steps and/or comparable free skating movements Jump combination consisting of 2 triple jumps or 1 double and 1 triple jump Flying spin Flying camel or sit spin with only 1 change of foot Spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least two changes of position 2 step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)	Technical program changed to short program
1995/1996	Double Axel Triple jump preceded by connecting steps and/or comparable free skating movements Combination of a double jump and a triple jump or two triple jumps, without intervening steps or turns Flying spin Camel spin or sit spin with 1 change of foot Spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least two changes of position 2 step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)
1996/1997	Double Axel Triple jump preceded by connecting steps and/or comparable free skating movements Combination of a double jump and a triple jump or two triple jumps, without intervening steps or turns Flying spin Camel spin or sit spin with 1 change of foot Spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least two changes of position 2 step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)
1997/1998	Double Axel Triple jump preceded by connecting steps Combination of a double jump and a triple jump or 2 triple jumps, without intervening steps or turns Flying spin Camel spin or sit spin with 1 change of foot Spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position 2 step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)
1998/1999	Double or triple Axel Triple or quadruple jump preceded by connecting steps Combination of a double jump and a triple jump with a triple or quadruple jump; the jumps from elements (a) or (b) may not be repeated here, and skaters may only do one quadruple jump in the program Flying spin; the flying position must be achieved in the air, and the skater must do at least 8 rotations in the spinning position Camel spin or sit spin with a change of foot; at least 6 rotations on each foot Spin combination with a change of foot and at least two changes of position; the spin must include camel, sit, and upright positions, and there must be at least 6 rotations on each foot 2 Step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)
1999/2000	Double or triple Axel Triple or quadruple jump preceded by connecting steps Combination of a double jump and a triple jump with a triple or quadruple jump; the jumps from elements (a) or (b) may not be repeated here, and skaters may only do one quadruple jump in the program Flying spin; the flying position must be achieved in the air, and the skater must do at least 8 rotations in the spinning position Camel spin or sit spin with a change of foot; at least 6 rotations on each foot Spin combination with a change of foot and at least two changes of position; the spin must include camel, sit, and upright positions, and there must be at least 6 rotations on each foot 2 Step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)
2000/2001	Double or triple Axel Triple or quadruple jump preceded by connecting steps Combination of a double jump and a triple jump with a triple or quadruple jump; the jumps from elements (a) or (b) may not be repeated here, and skaters may only do one quadruple jump in the program Flying spin; the flying position must be achieved in the air, and the skater must do at least 8 rotations in the spinning position Camel spin or sit spin with 1 change of foot; at least 6 rotations on each foot Spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position; the spin must include camel, sit, and upright positions, and there must be at least 6 rotations on each foot 2 Step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)
2001/2002	Double or triple Axel One triple or quadruple jump One jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump, two triple jumps, a quad and a double or a quad and a triple Flying spin, with a minimum of eight revolutions Camel spin or sit spin with only 1 change of foot Spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position 2 Step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)
2002/2003	Double or triple Axel One triple or quadruple jump One jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump, two triple jumps, a quad and a double or a quad and a triple Flying spin, with a minimum of eight revolutions Camel spin or sit spin with only 1 change of foot Spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position 2 Step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)
2003/2004	Double or triple Axel One triple or quadruple jump (triple Axel cannot be repeated) One jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump, two triple jumps, a quad and a double or a quad and a triple (cannot repeat quad if executed as a solo jump) Flying spin, with a minimum of eight revolutions Camel spin or sit spin with only 1 change of foot Spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position 2 Step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)

SENIOR WOMEN

Year	Required Elements	Notes
1972/1973	Jump combination with at least 1 Salchow, flip, loop or toe-loop Double Axel or double Lutz Single Axel Flying sit spin with change of foot on landing Upright Spin Serpentine step sequence	2 minutes
1973/1974	Jump combination with at least 1 Salchow, flip, loop or toe-loop Double Axel or double Lutz Single Axel Flying camel spin Sit spin with change of foot Straight line step sequence
1974/1975	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any other double or triple jump Double Lutz Single Axel Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Flying sit spin Camel spin with change of foot Circular step sequence
1975/1976	Jump combination consisting of double flip with any other double or triple jump Double Axel Single Axel Flying Axel sit spin Layback or sideways leaning spin Sit spin with change of foot Serpentine step sequence
1976/1977	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any other double or triple jump Double Lutz Single Axel Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Flying sit spin Camel spin with change of foot Circular step sequence
1977/1978	Jump combination consisting of double toe-loop with any other double or triple jump Double loop Double Axel Flying sit spin with change of foot on landing Layback Spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Serpentine step sequence	2 mins
1978/1979	Jump combination consisting of double flip with any other double or triple jump Double Salchow Double Axel Flying camel spin Sit spin with change of foot Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Straight line step sequence
1979/1980	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any other double or triple jump Double Lutz Double Axel Flying sit spin Camel spin with change of foot Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Circular step sequence
1980/1981	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any other double or triple jump Double Lutz Double Axel Flying sit spin Camel spin with change of foot Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Circular step sequence
1981/1982	Jump combination consisting of double flip with any double or triple jump Double Salchow Double Axel Flying camel spin Sit spin with change of foot Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Straight line step sequence	2 min
1982/1983	Jump combination consisting of double toe-loop with any double or triple jump Double loop Double Axel Flying sit spin with change of foot on landing Layback or sideways leaning spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Serpentine step sequence
1983/1984	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any double or triple jump Double flip Double Axel Flying camel spin landing in a full sitting position (death drop permitted) Camel spin with one change of foot Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Straight line step sequence
1984/1985	Jump combination consisting of double toe-loop with any double or triple jump Double Salchow Double Axel Flying camel spin Sit spin with 1 change of foot Combination spin with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Straight line step sequence
1985/1986	Jump combination consisting of double loop together with the same, or any other double or triple jump Double Lutz Double Axel Flying sit spin Camel spin with 1 change of foot Combination spin with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Circular step sequence
1986/1987	Jump combination consisting of double toe-loop with any double or triple jump Double loop Double Axel Flying sit spin with change of foot on landing Layback or sideways leaning spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Serpentine step sequence
1987/1988	Jump combination consisting of double loop with any double or triple jump Double flip Double Axel Flying camel spin ending in a full sitting position or death drop Camel spin with 1 change of foot Combination spin with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Straight line step sequence
1988/1989	Jump combination consisting of 1 double and 1 triple jump or 2 double jumps Double jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Double Axel Flying spin Layback or sideways leaning spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Spiral step sequence Step sequence (straight line, circular or serpentine)	2 min 40 secs
1989/1990	Jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump or 2 double jumps Double jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Double Axel Flying spin Layback or sideways leaning spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Spiral step sequence Step sequence	2 min 40 secs
1990/1991	Jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump or 2 double jumps Double jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Double Axel Flying spin Layback or sideways leaning spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Spiral step sequence Step sequence	2 min 40 secs
1991/1992	Jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump or 2 double jumps Double jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Double Axel Flying spin Layback or sideways leaning spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1992/1993	Jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump or 2 double jumps Double jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Double Axel Flying spin Layback or sideways leaning spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1993/1994	Double Axel Double jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Jump combination consisting of two double jumps or a double and a triple jump Flying spin Layback or sideways leaning spin Spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes in position Spiral step sequence Step sequence (straight, circular or serpentine)
1994/1995	Double Axel Double or triple jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Jump combination consisting of two double jumps or a double and a triple jump Flying spin Layback or sideways leaning spin Spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes in position Spiral step sequence Step sequence (straight, circular or serpentine)	Technical program changed to short program
1995/1996	Double Axel Double or triple jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Jump combination consisting of two double jumps or a double and a triple jump Flying spin Layback or sideways leaning spin Spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes in position Spiral step sequence Step sequence (straight, circular or serpentine)
1996/1997	Double Axel Double or triple jump preceded by connecting steps Combination of a double jump and a triple jump or two triple jumps, without intervening steps or turns Flying spin Layback or sideways leaning spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1997/1998	Double Axel Double or triple jump preceded by connecting steps Combination of a double jump and a triple jump or two triple jumps, without intervening steps or turns Flying spin Layback spin Spin combination with 1 change of foot and at least 2 changes of position Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1998/1999	Double Axel Double or triple jump preceded by connecting steps Combination of a double jump and a triple jump or two triple jumps, without intervening steps or turns Flying spin; the flying position must be achieved in the air, and the skater must do at least 8 rotations in the spinning position Layback spin; at least 8 rotations in layback position Spin combination with a change of foot and at least two changes of position; the spin must include camel, sit, and upright positions, and there must be at least 6 rotations on each foot Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1999/2000	Double Axel Double or triple jump preceded by connecting steps Combination of a double jump and a triple jump or two triple jumps, without intervening steps or turns Flying spin; the flying position must be achieved in the air, and the skater must do at least 8 rotations in the spinning position Layback spin; at least 8 rotations in layback position Spin combination with a change of foot and at least two changes of position; the spin must include camel, sit, and upright positions, and there must be at least 6 rotations on each foot Spiral step sequence Step sequence
2000/2001	Double Axel Double or triple jump preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements Combination of a double jump and a triple jump or two triple jumps, without intervening steps or turns Flying spin; the flying position must be achieved in the air, and the skater must do at least 8 rotations in the spinning position Layback spin; at least 8 rotations in layback position Spin combination with a change of foot and at least two changes of position; the spin must include camel, sit, and upright positions, and there must be at least 6 rotations on each foot Spiral step sequence (serpentine, circular or oval or a combination of the 2) Step sequence (straight line, circular or serpentine)
2001/2002	Double Axel One double or triple jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements One jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump or two triple jumps Flying spin, with a minimum of eight revolutions Layback or sideways leaning spin, minimum of eight revolutions Spin combination with a change of foot and at least two changes of position; the spin must include camel, sit, and upright positions, and there must be at least 6 rotations on each foot Spiral step sequence (serpentine, circular or oval or a combination of the two) Step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)
2002/2003	Double Axel One double or triple jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements One jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump or two triple jumps Flying spin, with a minimum of eight revolutions Layback or sideways leaning spin, minimum of eight revolutions Spin combination with a change of foot and at least two changes of position; the spin must include camel, sit, and upright positions, and there must be at least 6 rotations on each foot Spiral step sequence (serpentine, circular or oval or a combination of the two) Step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)
2003/2004	Double Axel One double or triple jump immediately preceded by connecting steps and/or other comparable free skating movements One jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump or two triple jumps Flying spin, with a minimum of eight revolutions Layback or sideways leaning spin, minimum of eight revolutions Spin combination with a change of foot and at least two changes of position; the spin must include camel, sit, and upright positions, and there must be at least 6 rotations on each foot Spiral step sequence with at least 3 spiral positions and 1 change of foot, doing a spiral on each foot Step sequences of a different nature (straight line, circular or serpentine)

SENIOR PAIRS

Year	Required Elements	Notes
1963/1964 (trial)	Single Axel Paulsen lift or single lasso (overhead Axel) lift Solo single Axel or double Salchow Pair camel or sit spin Solo sit or Flying camel spins One-hand death spiral or one-arm backwards pivot spiral Step combination executed together or close together (according to the character of the music)	Compulsory connected program, up to 2 min 30 sec (may be less, provided all elements are completed)
1964/1965 (trial)	Single Axel Paulsen lift Solo single Axel jump Pair camel spin Solo sit spins One-hand death spiral Step combination executed together or close together (according to the character of the music)	Compulsory connected program, up to 2 min 30 sec (may be less, provided all elements are completed)
1965/1966	Solo Split Jump Single Axel Paulsen Lift death spiral (1 Arm) Individual Flying camel spins Pair sit spin Straight line step sequence Serpentine step sequence	Format changed to “a fixed program of 7 compulsory elements”, 2 min 30 sec
1966/1967	Double split Lutz lift Solo double toe-loops Catch-waist pair camel spin Solo camel spins Backward outside death spiral Serpentine step sequence	2 min 30 sec
1967/1968	Solo Split Jump Single Axel Paulsen Lift death spiral (1 Arm) Individual Flying camel spins Pair sit spin Straight line step sequence Serpentine step sequence	2 min 30 sec
1968/1969	Double split Lutz lift Solo double toe-loops Catch-waist pair camel spin Solo camel spins Backward outside death spiral Serpentine step sequence	Renamed to “short program”, 2 min (reduced time and number of elements reduced from 7 to 6)
1969/1970	Solo double Salchows Double lasso lift Backward outside death spiral Solo Flying camel spins Pair sit spins with change of foot Straight line step sequence
1970/1971	Double split Lutz lift Solo double toe-loops Catch-waist pair camel spin Solo camel spins Backward outside death spiral Serpentine step sequence
1971/1972	Solo double Salchows Double lasso lift Backward outside death spiral Solo Flying camel spins Pair sit spins Straight line step sequence
1972/1973	Solo double flips Double hand-to-hand loop lift Backward inside death spiral Solo camel spins in tango position Solo flying sit spins with change of foot Crossing Serpentine step sequence
1973/1974	Solo double Salchows Double lasso lift Backward outside death spiral Solo sit spins with change of foot Pair camel spin in Tango position Serpentine step sequence
1974/1975	Solo double flips Double hand-to-hand loop lift Backward inside death spiral Solo camel spins in Tango position Solo flying sit spins with change of foot Crossing serpentine step sequence
1975/1976	Solo double loops Double Lutz lift Backward outside death spiral Solo camel spins with change of foot Pair sit spin Circular step sequence
1976/1977	Solo double toe-loops Double hand-to-hand loop lift Forward inside life spiral Solo Flying camel spins Pair sit spin Straight line step sequence
1977/1978	Solo double Salchows Double lasso lift Backward outside death spiral Solo sit spins with change of foot Pair camel spin in Tango position Serpentine step sequence
1978/1979	Solo double flips Double hand-to-hand loop lift Backward inside death spiral Pair camel spin in Tango position Solo sit spins with change of foot Crossing serpentine step sequence
1979/1980	Solo double flips Double hand-to-hand loop lift Backward inside death spiral Pair camel spin in Tango position Solo sit spins with change of foot Crossing serpentine step sequence
1980/1981	Solo double Salchows Double lasso lift Backward outside death spiral Solo Flying camel spins Pair sit spins Straight line step sequence
1981/1982	Solo double toe-loops Double hand-to-hand loop lift Split double Lutz lift Forward inside death spiral Solo Flying camel spins Pair combination spin with at least 1 change of position Straight line step sequence	2 min 15 secs, increased time and increased elements from 6 to 7 (spin combination added)
1982/1983	Solo double flips One-hand lasso lift Split double Lutz twist lift Backward outside death spiral Solo camel spin with 1 change of foot Closed low spin parallel (pair spin) Circular step sequence
1983/1984	Solo double loops Double lasso lift Split double Lutz twist lift Backward inside death spiral Solo sit spin with change of foot Pair combination spin with at least 1 change of position Serpentine step sequence
1984/1985	Solo double Salchow Double toe lasso lift Split double Lutz twist lift Backward outside death spiral Solo sit spin with change of foot Pair camel spin in Tango position Spiral step sequence
1985/1986	Solo double flips Double hand-to-hand loop lift Split double Lutz twist lift Forward inside death spiral Side-by-side flying camel spins Pair combination spin with at least 1 change of foot Straight line step sequence
1986/1987	Solo double loops Overhead lift Split double twist lift Backward outside death spiral Solo camel spins with change of foot Pair sit spin Circular step sequence
1987/1988	Solo double flips Split double twist lift Double lasso lift Backward inside death spiral Solo sit spins with change of foot Pair combination spin Serpentine step sequence
1988/1989	Solo double jump Overhead lift Double twist lift death spiral Solo spin with or without change of foot Pair spin combination with at least 1 change of position and only 1 change of foot (sit, camel, upright or any combination thereof) Spiral step sequence Step sequence (straight line, circular or serpentine)	Changed to original program, 2 mins 40 secs
1989/1990	Solo double jump Double overhead lift Double twist lift death spiral Solo Spin with 1 change of foot and 1 change of position Pair spin combination with at least 1 change of position and Only 1 change of foot Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1990/1991	Solo double jump Double overhead lift Double twist lift death spiral Solo Spin with 1 change of foot and 1 change of position Pair spin combination with at least 1 change of position and Only 1 change of foot Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1991/1992	Solo double jump Double overhead lift Double twist lift Death spiral Solo Spin with 1 change of foot and 1 change of position Pair spin combination with at least 1 change of position and Only 1 change of foot Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1992/1993	Solo double jump Double overhead lift Double twist lift Death spiral Solo Spin with 1 change of foot and 1 change of position Pair spin combination with at least 1 change of position and Only 1 change of foot Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1993/1994	Solo double jump Double overhead lift Double twist lift Death spiral Solo Spin with 1 change of foot and 1 change of position Pair spin combination with at least 1 change of position and Only 1 change of foot Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1994/1995	Solo double or triple jump Double overhead lift Double twist lift Death spiral Solo Spin with 1 change of foot and 1 change of position Pair spin combination with at least 1 change of position and Only 1 change of foot Spiral step sequence Step sequence	Technical program changed to short program
1995/1996	Solo double or triple jump Double overhead lift Double twist lift Death spiral Solo Spin with 1 change of foot and 1 change of position Pair spin combination with at least 1 change of position and Only 1 change of foot Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1996/1997	Overhead lift with a hand-to-hip lift take-off Double twist lift Side-by-side double or triple jumps Side-by-side spin combinations, with only 1change of foot and at least 1 change of position Pair spin combination Forward or backward inside death spiral Spiral step sequence Step sequence
1997/1998	Overhead lift with a hand-to-hand take-off Double twist lift Side-by-side double or triple jumps Side-by-side Spin combinations, with only 1 change of foot and at least 1 change of position Pair spin combination with at least 1 change of foot and at least 1 change of position Forward or back outside death spiral Spiral step sequence Step sequence (straight line, circular or serpentine)
1998/1999	Any lift with a hand-to-hand lift take-off Double twist lift Side-by-side double or triple jumps Side-by-side spin combinations, with only 1 change of foot, at least 1 change of position, and at least 5 rotations on each foot Pair spin combination with at least 1 change of foot and at least 1 change in position and at least 8 rotations in all Forward or back outside death spiral Spiral step sequence (straight line, circular or serpentine) One throw jump (double or triple)	Throw added
1999/2000	Overhead lift (with a specific takeoff that changes each year) Double twist lift Side-by-side double or triple jumps Side-by-side Spin combinations, with a change of foot, at least one change of position, and at least 5 rotations on each foot Pair spin combination with a change of foot and at least one change in position and at least 8 rotations in all death spiral (on a specific edge that changes each year) Step sequence or a Spiral step sequence (the specific requirement changes each year) One throw jump (double or triple)
2000/2001	Any lift with a hand-to-hand lift take-off Double twist lift (split in the air required) One solo jump (double or triple) Solo spin with only 1 change of foot and at least 1 change of position Pair spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least one change in position and at least 8 rotations in all Backward outside death spiral Spiral step sequence (straight line, circular or serpentine) One throw jump (double or triple)
2001/2002	Any lift with a hand-to-hand lift take-off Double twist lift (split in the air required) One throw jump (double or triple) One solo jump (double or triple) Solo spin with only 1 change of foot and at least 1 change of position (minimum 5 revolutions on each foot) Pair spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least 1 change of position (sit, camel, upright or any variation thereof) Backward outside death spiral Spiral step sequence (at least 2 spiral positions by each partner must be executed)
2002/2003	Any lift with a hand-to-hip lift take-off Double twist lift (split in the air required) One throw jump (double or triple) One solo jump (double or triple) Solo spin with only 1 change of foot and at least 1 change of position (minimum 5 revolutions on each foot) Pair spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least 1 change of position (sit, camel, upright or any variation thereof) Forward inside death spiral Spiral step sequence (at least 2 spiral positions by each partner must be executed)
2003/2004	Overhead lift with hand-to-hand lift take-off (minimum 2 revolutions by woman, minimum 1/maximum 3.5 revolutions by man) Double twist lift (split in the air required) One throw jump (double or triple) One solo jump (double or triple) Solo spin with only 1 change of foot and at least 1 change of position (minimum 5 revolutions on each foot) Pair spin combination with only 1 change of foot and at least 1 change of position (sit, camel, upright or any variation thereof) Backward outside death spiral Step sequence (straight line, circular or serpentine)	Max 2 min 40 secs

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Belgian Gold: The Micheline Lannoy and Pierre Baugniet Story

Micheline Lannoy and Pierre Baugniet were born six months apart in 1925. Micheline was born in Brussels on January 31; Pierre in Antwerp on July 23. Micheline's mother Simone was an aspiring figure skater; her stepfather Louis de Ridder represented Belgium in three different sports in the Winter Olympics in the twenties and thirties - hockey, bobsleigh and speed skating. Pierre's father René's background is unknown.

Photo courtesy "Skating World" magazine

Micheline started skating at the age of seven; Pierre at the age of nine. Even as small children, the young skaters were regarded as two of the Ligue Belge des Sports d'Hiver's most promising young stars. Before World War II, they both won the 'scolaire' and junior classes at the Belgian Championships in singles skating. She claimed the Belgian women's title in 1941, 1944 and 1946; he took the men's from 1940 to 1944. Micheline also won the Suvretta Challenge Cup, an international event for junior skaters, in 1939.

Top: Pierre Baugniet and Hans Gerschwiler. Bottom: Charles Landot and Pierre Baugniet.

Micheline and Pierre both trained mostly in Belgium, but before the War travelled to St. Moritz for stints in the winter to work with Charles Landot, a skater and painter whom sportswriter Howard Bass described as a "shrewd, white-haired pedagogue". Monsieur Landot primarily taught at the Suvretta House rink but would come to Brussels or Antwerp in the spring and autumn to work with Belgian skaters.

Micheline and Pierre began skating as a pair somewhat by accident. In a 1947 letter to Theresa Weld Blanchard, Pierre's father René recalled, "It was only in 1943 that one day Micheline and Pierre were trying pair skating, just as a recreation, when Mr. [Landot] noticed suddenly how easily they worked together. This evidently resulted from the fact that they had always skated on the same rinks, with the same trainer, having both the same methods, same style, same positions as well as a similar speed." The following year the duo won their first Belgian title. Their country's Nationals weren't held in 1945 because the Antwerp rink was severely damaged by V-1 and V-2 bombs. When Belgium was liberated by the British and American armies, the bombed Antwerp rink was repaired surprisingly quickly and by the autumn of 1945, skating resumed and they repeated as Belgian champions in 1946 and 1947.

In the winter of 1945-46, Micheline and Pierre travelled to Amsterdam, The Hague, Chamonix and Paris, and met skaters Hans Gerschwiler and Daphne Walker along the way. As travels to Switzerland hadn't been possible at the height of the War, it was a great pleasure for them to have contact with the 'outside world' of skating.

Top: Micheline Lannoy and Pierre Baugniet practicing in Switzerland. Bottom: Micheline Lannoy, Pierre Baugniet and others taking tea at the Richmond Sports-Drome. Photo courtesy "Skating World" magazine.

By the autumn of 1946, Micheline and Pierre were finally able to resume their trips to St. Moritz to practice with Monsieur Landot. At the very first post-War ISU Championship, the Europeans in Davos, they claimed the gold medal over British pair Winnie and Dennis Silverthorne. Another Belgian duo - Suzanne Diskeuve and Edmond Verbustel - took the bronze. It was the first and only time two Belgian pairs stood on the podium at a major ISU Championship.

At the 1947 World Championships in Stockholm, all but the American judge had Micheline and Pierre first. They made again history as the first (and to date only) Belgian pair to win a World title and became sporting heroes in their country. In his book "Dick Button On Skates", Dick Button told an amusing story about Pierre Baugniet's time in Scandinavia. He wrote, "In the restaurant at rinkside many competitors, tired but anxious to learn the results [of the men's figures] waited over a cup of strong coffee. One of them, Pierre Baugniet... had not competed that day. His energies were irrepressible while others sat around quietly. Failing to engage us in conversation, he tried to chat with a pretty waitress despite the fact that he spoke no Swedish. The language barrier, however, was a bagatelle to the polished Belgian and when someone whispered a Swedish phrase to him he repeated it: 'Jag älskar dig'. The waitress took one look at him, dumped the cream pastry she was serving upside down on his plate and huffed off. We roared to see the deflated Pierre's expression when he was informed he had told the girl, 'I love you.'" 

Top: Micheline Lannoy and Pierre Baugniet returning to Belgium after winning the 1947 World title. Bottom: Hans Gerschwiler and Pierre Baugniet at Pierre's family's villa on the Belgian Coast in 1947. Photo courtesy "Ice Skating" magazine.

After the 1947 World Championships, rumours swirled that Micheline and Pierre planned on breaking up because they hadn't been seen practicing together for some months. The truth of the matter was that Pierre had undergone an appendectomy. He recovered within months, graduated from the University of Brussels and was back training with Micheline by the late fall.

Top: Micheline Lannoy and Pierre Baugniet performing their program. Right: Pierre Baugniet, Charles Landot and Micheline Lannoy. Photo courtesy "Ice Skating" magazine.

History was made once again at the 1948 Winter Olympic Games when Micheline and Pierre won the pairs event. It was Belgium's first (and to date only) gold medal in any sport at the Winter Olympic Games... and they claimed it in a snowstorm after only weeks of practice time.

In a February 22, 1988 interview with a reporter from "The Whig Standard", Micheline recalled, "We were used to it. Actually, it helped me because I was nervous and when it started snowing somehow it calmed me down... You can imagine, it was quite different (from what skaters are doing today). We did some jumps, but we didn't do triples. Lots of things they do now we didn't do at the time. Otherwise, it was similar but not as difficult. We had two jumps and a one-and-a-half Axel. It was a lot at that time. At that time, we were doing the most. They had all the flags from all the countries, except ours. They played the anthem, but they didn't have the flag. They probably thought, 'Oh, that little country of Belgium.' Belgium is small and we didn't have the skaters. That's what helped us, I guess. We used to skate all morning and there would be only a few people on the ice. We didn't have clubs like you have now. We used to skate among the public skating, but in the morning there was no one there so we had the ice to ourselves." Following the Olympics, they had another runaway victory at the World Championships in Davos and then decided to retire from the sport, their goals having been achieved. Their successes didn't translate to a big Belgian skating boom. By 1955, the country only had one ice rink, located in Antwerp.

Pierre, who had earned his Bachelor of Arts shortly after winning his first World title, continued his education and earned his doctorate in law, then married Arlette Maloens. The couple divorced in the early seventies and he went on to work as an average adjuster at the Antwerp firm Martroye, Baugniet and Varlez.

Micheline made her professional debut with Tom Arnold's continental company, which toured Europe and South Africa. She later performed in the short-lived Olympia Ice Revue, directed by her stepfather, and Holiday On Ice. She also performed in one of Tom Arnold's ice pantomimes at the S.S. Brighton in England. As a professional, she was paired with James Macaulay, a Scottish skater who served as a paratrooper in the British Army during the War. The couple fell in love and married in Paris, before settling in Ayr.

On November 17, 1953, Micheline's fifty-one year mother - who was then working as a skating instructor - was murdered. An article from the "Spokane Daily Chronicle" noted, "Police sought a tall, thin man who was believed to have pushed Mrs. de Ridder from an international train before dawn yesterday after robbing her. The woman died without regaining consciousness. Hospital aides said she had suffered a skull fracture and internal injuries. The Kitzingen station master told police that as the train rolled slowly through the yards he saw a woman clinging to a window ledge while a man tried to pry her grip loose. Trainmen found Mrs. de Ridder alongside the tracks." The saddest thing about it all? Micheline was on her way to meet her mother at the time.

Micheline and her husband James emigrated to Canada in 1956 and had two children. She taught skating in Stratford, Ontario and Aylmer, Quebec in the fifties and Victoria and Nanaimo, British Columbia in the sixties. Pierre passed away in his mid-fifties in 1981, the same year as Micheline's stepfather. By this time, Micheline was coaching at the Kingston Figure Skating Club.

Micheline passed away on March 18, 2023, at the age of ninety-eight. Despite their successes, Micheline and Pierre have never been honoured with an induction into the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame. 

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